|
|title_leader = Prince |leader1 = Basarab I (first) |year_leader1 = 1310–52 |leader2 = Alexander John Cuza (last) |year_leader2 = 1859–62 |stat_year1 = |stat_pop1 = }} Wallachia or Walachia ((ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Țara Românească) or ' ; archaic: ', Cyrillic: , , (ラテン語:Transalpina, Valachia)〔(Почему молдаване не румыны )〕) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections. Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I, after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt dates to a charter given to the voivode Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1417, Wallachia accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire;〔 this lasted until the 19th century, albeit with brief periods of Russian occupation between 1768 and 1854. In 1859, Wallachia united with Moldavia to form the United Principalities, which adopted the name ''Romania'' in 1866 and officially became the Kingdom of Romania in 1881. Later, in 1918, Transylvania was ceded by the Treaty of Trianon from Hungary to the Kingdom of Romania, forming the modern Romanian state. ==Etymology== The name Wallachia, generally not used by Romanians themselves (but present in some contexts as Valahia or Vlahia), is derived from the word "''walha''" used by Germanic peoples to describe Celts, and later romanized Celts and all Romance-speaking people. In northwest Europe this gave rise to Wales, Cornwall, Wallonia, among others, while in Southeast Europe it evolved into the ethnonym Valach, used to designate Germanic speakers' Romance-speaking neighbours, and subsequently taken over by Slavic-speakers to refer to Romanians, with variants such as ''Vlach, Blach, Bloc, Bloh, Boloh'' etc.—see also: Vlachs. In the early Middle Ages, in Slavonic texts, the name of Zemli Ungro-Vlahiskoi (Земли Унгро-Влахискои or "Hungaro-Wallachian Land") was also used as a designation for its location. The term, translated in Romanian as "Ungrovalahia", remained in use up to the modern era in a religious context, referring to the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan seat of Hungaro-Wallachia, in contrast to Thessalian Wallachia, or Great Wallachia in Macedonia, a medieval state, or Small Wallachia (Mala Vlaška) in Serbia.〔Dinu C. Giurescu, "Istoria ilustrată a românilor", Editura Sport-Turism, Bucharest, 1981, p.236〕 Official designations of the state were Muntenia (The Land of Mountains) and Țara Românească (Terra Romana, or The Romanian Country). For long periods after the 14th century, Wallachia was referred to as Vlaško (Влашко) by Bulgarian sources, Vlaška by Serbian sources and Walachei or Walachey by German-speaking (Transylvanian Saxon) sources. The traditional Hungarian name for Wallachia is "Havasalföld", or literally "Snowy Lowlands" (the older form is "Havaselve", which means "Land beyond the snowy mountains" ("snowy mountains" = alpines = alps), its translation to Latin - Transalpina - was used in the official royal documents of Kingdom of Hungary). In Ottoman Turkish and (トルコ語:Eflâk Prensliği), "Eflâk" (which also means "sky" or "skies"), افلاق, a word derived from "Vlach", is used. === Black Wallachia === Mavrovlachia, Black-Valachia, is another name of Moldavia. Mavrovlachi is another name of the Balkanic Vlachs or Aromanians. Both names could come from a confusion : Kara Iflak, the Turkish name of Vallachia, means ”land of Vallachians” ; but later ''kara'' ”land” was mistranslated as kara - black. Later, the Turks renamed Moldavia and Vallachia as Kara-Iflak (Moldavia) and Ak Iflak (Vallachia) according to the Turkish cardinal points symbolism : north is symbolized by black, and west is symbolized by white. Ardeal/Erdel was the name of Transylvania, and Kara-Iflak, ”Northern Vlachia” - either Vallachia, north of the Balkan territories inhabited by Vlachs, or Moldavia (north of Vallachia). The second explanation is typologically better. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wallachia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|